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Identification and Creation

Object Number
1978.495.54
Title
Strigil (Scraper)
Classification
Tools and Equipment
Work Type
strigil
Date
4th-3rd century BCE
Places
Creation Place: Ancient & Byzantine World, Europe
Period
Classical period, Late, to Hellenistic
Culture
Greek
Persistent Link
https://hvrd.art/o/304216

Physical Descriptions

Medium
Bronze
Technique
Hammered
Dimensions
17.9 x 2.1 x 3.2 cm (7 1/16 x 13/16 x 1 1/4 in.)
Technical Details

Chemical Composition: ICP-MS/AAA data from sample, Bronze:
Cu, 81.63; Sn, 16.71; Pb, 0.56; Zn, 0.055; Fe, 0.13; Ni, 0.05; Ag, 0.09; Sb, 0.15; As, 0.55; Bi, 0.071; Co, 0.018; Au, less than 0.01; Cd, less than 0.001
J. Riederer

Chemical Composition: XRF data from Tracer
Alloy: Bronze
Alloying Elements: copper, tin
Other Elements: lead, iron, silver, antimony
K. Eremin, January 2014

Technical Observations: All of the strigils (1935.35.56, 1960.484, 1978.495.54, 1978.495.55, 1983.7, and 1983.8) have a green patina but with variations. The inside of 1935.35.56 was sanded clean of burial accretions to a smooth turquoise color; it has reddish and golden brown areas on outside. 1983.7 and 1960.484 have reddish and golden brown metal showing through in localized areas; 1960.484 is also black in smaller areas and has tan accretions. 1978.495.54 is dark reddish brown at the broken end, and 1978.495.55 has red and black areas. 1983.8 has black, white, and gray speckled accretions.

Each of Harvard’s strigils was made from a single piece of metal that was hammered out into a cupped, curved scraper at one end and, in most cases, a handle at the other end that bends back on itself and terminates in a finial. The concave shapes of all of the scrapers were fashioned by hammering the metal over a hard mold. The overall thickness of all of the scraper blades is relatively consistent, ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 mm. Although no hammer marks have been found from visual examination of the surface, x-radiographs revealed mottled linear patterns that are the result of both hammering and burnishing. In the x-radiographs of 1935.35.56 and 1983.8, the mottled texture and distortion of the metal due to hammering are particularly clear, indicating that these were cut from a thin sheet of metal. The thickness of the scraper blades of these two strigils is surprisingly consistent (c. 0.3 to 0.4 mm); this thickness would have been difficult to achieve by casting. The cupped scraper was shaped over a form (whether convex or concave is not clear), and the excess metal was cut off and smoothed. A thin flap extends out to each side of the edges of these scrapers near the handle, where the excess metal was only partially trimmed. 1983.7 was probably made that way as well, as it is very flat overall. In the case of 1978.495.54 and 1960.484, on the other hand, both the thickness of the handles as well as the presence of a small lip that offsets the handle from the cupped end of the scrapers suggest that the implements were cast as blanks. These simplified, flat forms would have been hammered and bent into shape, as was done with the other strigils that were cut from metal sheets. Fine, parallel abrasive marks made by the tools used to smooth or burnish are preserved on 1978.495.55 and on the back surface of 1960.484. On the latter, areas of the original metal surface are better preserved than most of the other strigils, as those areas lie under what may be the translucent darkened remains of organic material.

The handles of all of the Greek strigils were bent in a similar fashion, so that their finials would fit neatly against the back of the scraper. However, on all but one of the pieces, the finials are separate from the back of the scraper. It is not obvious how or whether they were attached. On 1983.7, the finial is riveted to the scraper with an iron pin that pierces through to the inner surface of the blade. The rust, which is embedded in the surrounding copper corrosion and burial accretions, indicates that this fastening dates prior to burial. Closer examination of the other strigils revealed traces of what may be solder on the back of the scraper in the area corresponding to the shape of the finial. The use of solder was confirmed by the denser patches in the x-radiographs of 1960.484, 1983.7, and faintly on 1983.8. Some translucent reddish-brown organic material remains on 1935.35.56, on the back of the scraper in the area corresponding to the finial, but this appears to be over the corroded metal and is, therefore, probably a more recent adhesive.


Francesca G. Bewer (submitted 2001)

Provenance

Recorded Ownership History
Formerly in the collection of the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, no. E-2344.

Acquisition and Rights

Credit Line
Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Transfer from the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
Accession Year
1978
Object Number
1978.495.54
Division
Asian and Mediterranean Art
Contact
am_asianmediterranean@harvard.edu
Permissions

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Descriptions

Published Catalogue Text: Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Bronzes at the Harvard Art Museums
The handle of this strigil is intact, although approximately half of the scoop is missing. The scoop section is flatter and broader than the others in the Harvard collection. The scoop has a raised ridge at the juncture between the scoop and handle. The handle tapers and then expands away from the scoop to the bend, where it narrows dramatically and thickens slightly. The end of the handle forms a zigzag with a flat, leaf-shaped terminal (1).

This example is the only strigil at Harvard, aside from 1960.484, that preserves evidence of decorative elements punched in the metal upper surface of the handle. Some of these elements are invisible to the naked eye and only revealed by x-radiography. Three circles formed in a triangle (c. 3.5 mm in diameter) are followed by what may be an acanthus leaf pattern, then two circles, a rosette, one circle, and another possible acanthus leaf.

A strigil, which consists of a curved scoop with a handle, was a tool used in the baths for cleaning an individual’s body. Oil would be applied to a person’s skin and then removed, along with dirt or sweat, using the curved scoop of a strigil (2). The Apoxyomenos statue type, known from ancient literature as well as several copies including two over-life-size bronze versions, depicts an athlete cleaning the scoop of a strigil after use (3).

NOTES:

1. Compare D. M. Robinson, Olynthus 10: Metal and Minor Miscellaneous Finds (Baltimore, 1941) 172-78, nos. 517-50, pls. 32-36; M. Comstock and C. C. Vermeule, Greek, Etruscan and Roman Bronzes in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Greenwich, CT, 1971) 412, nos. 588-89; and J. Tabolli, “Gli strigili,” in Il Museo delle Antichità Etrusche e Italiche 3: I bronzi della collezione Gorga, Ed. M. G. Benedettini (Rome, 2012) 422-43, nos. 1279-390.

2. For an overview of the use of strigils, see G. M. A. Richter, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes (New York, 1915) 293-94. For an overview of strigil types, see C. W. Blegen, H. Palmer, and R. S. Young, Corinth 13: The North Cemetery (Princeton, 1964) 91-95, fig. 9.

3. Pliny, Natural History 34.65. For the statue type and copies, see J. M. Daehner and K. Lapatin, eds., Power and Pathos: Bronze Sculpture of the Hellenistic World, exh. cat., Palazzo Strozzi, Florence; the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; and the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (Los Angeles, 2015) 122-23 and 270-81, nos. 40-44. A red-figure plate at Harvard, 1960.351, also depicts an athlete holding a strigil.

Francesca G. Bewer and Lisa M. Anderson

Subjects and Contexts

  • Ancient Bronzes

Related Works

Verification Level

This record has been reviewed by the curatorial staff but may be incomplete. Our records are frequently revised and enhanced. For more information please contact the Division of Asian and Mediterranean Art at am_asianmediterranean@harvard.edu