Chemical Composition: ICP-MS/AAA data from sample, Leaded Bronze:
Cu, 82.9; Sn, 9.17; Pb, 7.51; Zn, 0.236; Fe, 0.03; Ni, 0.04; Ag, 0.05; Sb, 0.07; As, less than 0.10; Bi, less than 0.025; Co, less than 0.005; Au, less than 0.01; Cd, less than 0.001
J. Riederer
Technical Observations: The patina is dark green with areas of black. Some of the surface detail is obscured by corrosion products. Modern scratch marks in the beard are the result of cleaning. The loss behind the head predates burial.
Wax manipulation marks on the interior are evidence that the bronze was cast using an indirect process. Most or all of the surface detail appears to have been created on the wax model. There is some cold work around the eyes, such as the punch marks for the pupils. Although the eyes are deeply incised, they do not appear to have been designed to hold inlay. The loss at the top of the socket section behind the head may have included a hole for securing the object to its original mount; the loss itself could be the result of prying this fitting from the mount. The thin layer of black material on the inside and outside of the socket is mineralized metal, which appears to have been applied after the casting process and may have assisted in attaching the fitting to the original mount.
Henry Lie