Published Catalogue Text: Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Bronzes at the Harvard Art Museums
This flat square weight was used for weighing coins on a balance scale. The inscription provides unusually detailed and precise information concerning the object’s date of issue: twentieth of Phamenoth, eighth indiction (16 March 575 CE). It is rare for early Byzantine weights to be dated to the year, let alone the exact day (1). Furthermore, the weight reveals its Egyptian origin through the calendar system used in the inscription; Phamenoth is the fifth month of the Egyptian calendar.
Byzantine coin weights are often decorated with the images or names of the individual under whose authority the weight was issued. In this instance, the inscription designates one Iulianos, who possesses the relatively low-ranking title of stratelates and was likely a provincial governor or local official. Two of the three figures on the obverse represent the imperial pair Justin II (r. 565-78 CE) and Sophia. As senior emperor, Justin II holds the preeminent position at center, while the empress Sophia appears to his left. Both wear three-pronged crowns; Justin’s is decorated with pendilia (embellishments hanging from the temples). The iconography of the object is unusual; bronze weights from the reign of Justin II and Sophia typically feature only the two rulers with their monogram and an inscription providing the date (2). A third figure appears to Justin’s right and is nimbed but uncrowned. This may be the local authority, Iulianos, mentioned in the inscription (3). Alternatively it could depict Tiberios, who was appointed caesar (junior emperor) on 7 December 574 CE, just three months before this weight was issued. In this case, the lack of a crown would indicate Tiberios’ junior status (4). Tiberios was selected as co-ruler by Sophia, who increasingly assumed imperial authority when Justin II’s mental health declined sharply during the early 570s CE (5). This weight provides what would be the only known image of the imperial triad.
NOTES:
1. For discussion of the date, see F. Heintz, “Investigating a Unique Byzantine Weight,” The Celator 14.10 (2000): 26-28.
2. S. Bendall, Byzantine Weights: An Introduction (London, 1996) 44-45, no. 117. In bronze coinage issued during the reign of Justin II and Sophia, the couple appears enthroned side by side. See A. Bellinger, Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection 1: Anastasius I to Maurice 491-602 (Washington, DC, 1966) 204-17, pls. 50-52. On the Harvard weight as well as in coinage, Sophia appears to Justin’s left. Although Justin assumes the position of greater importance, Sophia’s presence is nonetheless significant; the empress had never before been represented so prominently on the obverse of coins.
3. I. Kalavrezou, ed., Byzantine Women and Their World, exh. cat., Sackler Museum, Harvard University Art Museums (Cambridge, MA, 2002) 57.
4. During his joint rule with Justin II, Tiberios appeared only rarely on imperial coins, for example, in a solidus issued from Antioch in Syria. See Bellinger 1996 (supra 2) 204-17, pls. 50-52, and 263 n.2.
5. The matter of who actually wielded power during the reign of Justin II finds its visual expression in joint representations of Justin and Sophia on imperial objects of this era. See A. Cameron, “Notes on the Sophiae, the Sophianae, and the Harbor of Sophia,” Byzantion 37 (1967): 11-20; ead., “The Empress Sophia,” Byzantion 45 (1975): 5-21; and A. McClanan, Representations of Early Byzantine Empresses: Image and Empire (New York, 2002) 149-78.
Florent Heintz
